La decisión del gobierno indio de prohibir la importación de 101 artículos relacionados con la industria militar es un paso que pretende garantizar la autosuficiencia del gigante asiático y ofrecer una gran oportunidad a la industria militar india para fabricar los artículos prohibidos utilizando sus propias capacidades de diseño y desarrollo o adoptando las tecnologías diseñadas y desarrolladas por la DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organization). ¿Puede la defensa india ser autosuficiente? Parece que sí, a tenor de ciertos desarrollos propios con que cuenta su imponente arsenal, y que vamos a repasar a continuación.
Obús Dhanush
Cañón antiaéreo ligero de 155 mm desarrollado por la OFD (Ordnance Factories Board) basado en el cañón Bofors. Equipados con avistamientos térmicos, los obuses Dhanush tienen la capacidad de disparar tres proyectiles en 15 segundos.
Misil Akash
Desarrollado por la DRDO, Akash es un misil tierra-aire (SAM) móvil de mediano alcance. Con la capacidad de alcanzar objetivos a una distancia de hasta 30 km y en altitudes de hasta 18.000 metros, los misiles Akash pueden volar a una velocidad de más de 2,5 mach y pueden rastrear 64 objetivos dentro del alcance.
Misiles Agni
Los misiles Agni son misiles balísticos y han sido desarrollados conjuntamente por Bharat Dynamics Limited y la DRDO. Hasta ahora, la India ha desarrollado seis variantes de misiles Agni: Agni-I (alcance operativo: 700-1.200 km), Agni-II (alcance operativo: 2.000-3.500 km), Agni-III (alcance operativo: 3.000-5.000 km ), Agni-IV (alcance operativo: 3.500–4.000 km), Agni-V (alcance operativo: 5.000–8.000 km) y Agni-VI (alcance operativo: 11.000–12.000 km).
HAL Tejas
Avión de combate multifunción monomotor de cuarta generación, desarrollado por HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited), la DRDO y la ADA (Aeronautics Development Agency). Actualmente, la IAF cuenta con 33 unidades y planea incorporar 123 unidades más a su arsenal.
NETRA
Network Traffic Analysis (NETRA) es una red de software desarrollada por el CAIR (Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics) y la DRDO para la IB (Intelligence Bureau) y la R&AW (Research and Analysis Wing). NETRA puede interceptar mensajes con palabras clave como "atacar, bombardear, explotar y matar" y puede analizar el tráfico de voz que pasa por software como Skype y Google Talk.
Durante la última década el primer ministro Narendra Modi ha transformado a la India en un estado consciente de la importancia de contar con mecanismos propios de disuasión habida cuenta de su peligrosa proximidad con China y Pakistan.
Este enfoque ha propiciado que a día de hoy la India cuente con un arsenal nada despreciable de misiles, entre los que merece destacarse el Agni-V: Un misil nuclear cuyos 5.000 km de alcance le permiten cubrir toda Asia, partes del norte de África, Europa del Este y Rusia.
La posesión de tales armas de destrucción masiva indican su compromiso con la paz ante sus eternos rivales y vecinos, y su convicción de que sólo la preparación para la guerra puede garantizar la paz. Por ello no es de extrañar que el Agni-V no vaya a ser en modo alguno el miembro último y final de la familia, sino el trampolín para completar el próximo ICBM indio: El Agni-VI, que se encuentra ya en la fase final de su gestación.
Este nuevo hermano viene pequeño pero matón: Puede alcanzar objetivos a 12.000 de distancia y va armado con múltiples ojivas nucleares independientes y con capacidad de maniobra para sortear misiles interceptores. Con este nuevo desarrollo, el primer ministro quiere dejar claro que ninguna agresión a la India podrá quedar impune, y que es mejor tenerla de amiga que de enemiga.
Hace unas horas ha sido lanzado el misil de largo alcance Agni-V. Según la DRDO, la prueba ha sido todo un éxito y, si bien este lanzamiento de prueba no es el primero que se efectúa con este misil, sin embargo es el primero que se efectúa desde lanzadera móvil. Esto otorga mayor capacidad de respuesta a las fuerzas armadas hindúes ante un eventual ataque proveniente de China y/o Pakistan.
La DRDO ha anunciado que el próximo 31 de Enero realizará un disparo de prueba desde un canister montado en lanzadera movil. El misil, que puede alcanzar objetivos localizados a más de 5.000 Kilómetros puede transportar una cabeza nuclear de 1.1 toneladas aunque como es lógico, en este caso llevará una cabeza sin carga alguna.
Algunos lectores nos han manifestado su interés por conocer un poco más la capacidad misilística de la India. Haciéndonos eco de su petición, ofrecemos a continuación un listado que comprende la información de que disponemos. No incluye misiles en desarrollo.
MUY CORTO ALCANCE
• Nag Antitanque. 500 m - 4 km (tierra-tierra) y 7 Km - 10 Km (aire-tierra)
• Akash (Tierra-aire. 30 Km) CORTO ALCANCE • Prithvi-I (SS-150) (Balístico. 150 Km) • Prithvi-II (SS-250) (Balístico. 250 Km - 350 Km) • Prithvi-III (SS-350) (Balístico. 350 km - 600 km)
• Brahmos (Crucero. Supersónico. 300 Km - 500 Km)
ALCANCE INTERMEDIO
• Agni-I (Alcance: 700 – 1200 km)
• Shaurya (Balístico. Hipersónico, 700 - 1800 Km)
• K-15 (Alcance: 750 - 1500 km) (Lanzable desde submarinos)
• Agni-II (Alcance: 2,000 – 2,500 km)
• Agni-III (Alcance: 3,000 – 5,000 km)
• Agni-IV (Alcance: 2,500 – 3,700 km)
• K-4 Mark-I (Alcance: 3,500-5,000 km) (Lanzable desde submarinos) INTERCONTINENTALES
Problemas de agenda del Primer Ministro Narendra Modi han motivado el retraso de las pruebas del Agni-V que estaban programadas para este mes. Estas serán llevadas a cabo a partir del 26 de Enero, si bien la fecha más probable se baraja que podría estar en la primera semana de Febrero. La importancia de este misil con capacidad nuclear estriba principalmente en su autonomía de 5.000 kilómetros, con la que podría alcanzar blancos en China, en toda Asia y en algunos países europeos. En la actualidad, tan sólo Estados Unidos, China, Rusia, Francia y Reino Unido poseen ICBMs de más de 5.500 kilómetros de alcance, por lo que el Agni-V deja a la India a las puertas de este selecto club nuclear.
David del Fresno Consultores
Asesoría Tecnológica en Impresión 3D y Manufactura Aditiva
En la base militar de Odisha están llevandose a cabo los preparativos para el tercer lanzamiento del misil Agni-V, los próximos 7 u 8 de enero, en presencia del Primer Ministro. Si las pruebas resultan satisfactorias, el misil pasará a formar parte del arsenal hindú a lo largo de 2015.
Características principales:
Etapas: 3
Alcance: 5.000 Kilómetros
Munición: Nuclear. 1.360 Kg.
Dimensiones: 17 metros de longitud y 2 metros de ancho
India’s successful test-launch of the nuclear-capable, intercontinental, surface-to-surface ballistic missile, Agni-V on September 15, 2013, following the April 2012 launch of the 5,000 kms range version of the same Agni-5 by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is again a significant achievement.
DRDO’s inventory of missiles coupled with the versions of BrahMos missiles places India in the top league with China, France, Russia, the US, Britain and Israel. On February 19, 2013, BrahMos Aerospace celebrated “Aardhik Diwas” — Partnership Day — to commemorate 15 years of missile making. “BrahMos is a formidable weapon system. It has offered more punch and strike capability for the three services. We owe it all to Dr A.S. Pillai, CEO & MD, BrahMos Aeropsace and Dr A.G. Leonov, director general, NPOM. It is because of the zeal and enthusiasm of Dr Pillai that we have reached this stage,” remarked Air Chief Marshal N.A.K. Browne, Air Chief and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee.
Coined as a combination of Brahmaputra and Moscva rivers, this is a versatile supersonic cruise missile system launchable from submarines, ships, aircraft or land, which was successfully accomplished by 2006. At speeds of Mach 2.5 to 2.8, it is the world’s fastest cruise missile, about three and a half times faster than the American subsonic Harpoon cruise missile. BrahMos, with a maximum range of 290 km, can attack surface targets by flying as low as 10 metres over surface-level and can gain a speed of Mach 2.8. The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant, BrahMos A, can carry a 300 kg warhead. The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk.
Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster than the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile, although it carries only 3/5th the payload and a fraction of the range despite weighing twice as much, which suggests that the missile was designed with a different tactical role. Its Mach 2.8 speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence systems and its precision makes it lethal to water targets or those in a cluster.
Main Milestones
2001
BrahMos was first test-fired on June 12, 2001 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, in a vertical launch configuration.
2008
On March 5, 2008, the land attack version of the missile was fired from the destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the selected target amidst a cluster of targets.
The missile was vertically launched on December 18, 2008, from INS Ranvir.
2009
On March 4, 2009, BrahMos was tested again with a new navigation system, found successful and then test-fired yet again on March 29, 2009. For this test, the missile had to identify a building among a cluster of buildings in an urban environment. It successfully hit the intended target within two-and-a-half minutes of launch. What made a quantum difference was the new “seeker,” considered unique and capable of seeking targets, which may be insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology. After the third test, the Indian Army confirmed that the test was extremely successful and approved the missile. This marked the completion of development phase of BrahMos Block-II.
2010
On March 21, 2010, BrahMos was test-fired and struck a free-floating ship piercing it above the waterline and destroying it completely. The test proved the missile’s manoeuvrability at supersonic speed before hitting a target, making India the first and only country to have a manoeuvrable supersonic cruise missile.
On September 5, 2010, BrahMos created a world record for being the first cruise missile to be tested at supersonic speeds in a steep-dive mode, achieving the Army’s requirement for land attacks with Block-II “advanced seeker software” along with “target discriminating capabilities.” BrahMos became the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing the user with an important edge of precision without collateral damage.
The Block III version of the missile was successfully test-fired on December 2, 2010, from ITR, Chandipur, with advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude. The steep dive capability of the Block III enables it to hit targets hidden behind a mountain range.
2011
On August 12, 2011, it was test-fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters.
2012
On March 4, 2012, it was test-fired by an Indian Army unit at the Pokharan range in Rajasthan to operationalise the second regiment of the weapon system in the Army. With this test, attended by top brass including vice chief Lt. Gen. Shri Krishna Singh and Director General Military Operations (DGMO) Lt. Gen. A.K. Chaudhary, the second BrahMos unit of the Indian Army became operational.
On October 7, 2012, the Indian Navy successfully test-fired BrahMos from the guided missile frigate INS Teg. This new highly manoeuvrable version was fitted with advanced satellite navigation systems turning it into a “super-rocket” capable of hitting targets over 300–500 km from sea, land and air launchers, and capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.
2013
The submarine-launched variant of Brahmos was test fired successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon near Visakhapatnam at the coast of Bay of Bengal on 20 March 2013. This was the first vertical launch of a supersonic missile from a submerged platform. The missile can be launched from a depth of 40 to 50 meters.
Future developments
The purchase of over 200 air-launched BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles for the IAF was cleared by Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) on October 19, 2012, at the cost of `6,000 crore ($1 billion). This includes funds for the integration and testing of the BrahMos on IAF’s Su-30MKI. Two Su-30MKI modified by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited at its Nashik facility where they will also be integrated with the missile’s aerial launcher. The trial is expected to be conducted in early 2014.
Under development is a smaller variant of the air-launched BrahMos, to arm the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Mirage 2000, future induction like the 126 Dassault Rafale, and the Indian Navy’s MiG-29K. A model of the new variant was showcased on 20 February 2013, at the 15th anniversary celebrations of BrahMos Aerospace. This smaller version is three metres shorter than the present missile will also have a range of 290 km. The Sukhoi SU-30MKI will carry three missiles while other combat aircraft will carry one each. BrahMos is reportedly attempting a hypersonic Mach 8 version of the missile, BrahMos II, the first ever hypersonic cruise missile, expected to be ready soon. Former President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam has reportedly recommended to BrahMos Aerospace to develop an advanced hypersonic version of the BrahMos cruise missile to maintain India’s lead in the field.
India has conducted a second test firing of a nuclear-capable missile with a range of 5,000 kilometers.
Undoubtly, New Delhi is struggling to challenge Beijing in the race for missile dominance in Asia. "The country has established ICBM capability with the successful second test," said Avinash Chander, a scientific advisor to Defense Minister AV Antony, adding that the next launch would be canister-based.
'Agni-V' long-range ballistic missiles are about 17 meters long, with a diameter of 2 meters and a launch weight of about 50 tons, The Indian Express reported. The missile was test-fired from Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha. Missile scientist and 'Agni 5' chief designer V.G. Sekaran said the test was an "overwhelming success and showed the reliability and maturity of the sub-systems," the Hindu newspaper reported.
The three-stage solid propellant missile was first successfully tested in April last year. Agni-V boasts a state-of-the-art Micro Navigation System, enabling the missile to hit the target to within a few meters. According to the spokesman for India’s Defence Research and Development Organization, Ravi Gupta, the missile will be included in the Indian Army’s arsenal by 2014-15. China has the world’s second-largest military budget behind the US, and is far ahead of India in nuclear weaponry, with intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of reaching anywhere in India.
The Agni-V may be India'a answer to China's nuclear buildup. Earlier versions of its missiles could reach only old Pakistan and western China. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, China currently has some 250 nuclear missiles, while Pakistan holds between 100 and 120 missiles and India has between 90 and 110.The total number of nuclear missiles globally is estimated to have fallen from about 19,000 at the end of 2011 to about 17,265 warheads at the end of last year, thanks to the US and Russia reducing their stockpiles under bilateral arms control agreements, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute said. Russia is believed to possess the largest inventory, with 8,500 warheads, just a little ahead of the 7,700 held by the US.
Working at a fast pace towards production and induction of Agni-V missile into the forces, Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation (DRDO) is reportedly planning its second test fire next month.
The maiden test fire of Agni-V, the first intercontinental ballistic missile of India, was carried out in April 2012. The successful trial catapulted the country into the exclusive ICBM club comprising six elite countries, United States of America, Russia, China, France and United Kingdom.
Dr. V. G. Sekaran, chief controller R&D Missiles & Strategic Systems and Agni programme director, said that while no date has been fixed for the test as of now, it will be conducted in September. "This test shall be aimed at repeatability of the previous test for stabilizing the performance of sub-systems," he said, adding that DRDO is working at starting the production and delivery phase by 2015 for Agni-V.
Meanwhile, DRDO is leaving no stone unturned for kick starting the canisterization process for Agni-V by this year end. Canister launch of the missile will enable higher flexibility in launching speedy firing from any location on a road. The indigenously developed 50-tonne long range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Agni-V, which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead weighing more than a tonne, has a 5,000 km range as per DRDO officials, who confirmed that preparations are at full swing at Wheeler Island off the Odisha Coastfor a September launch.
Once inducted, India's range with respect to missile reach would include the entire Asia as well as parts of other continents. Agni V will be inducted into the force equipped with MIRVs (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-Entry Vehicles (MIRVs) for shooting multiple warheads at the same time.
